អាស៊ីទក្សិណ
អាស៊ីទក្សិណ ឬ អាស៊ីខាងត្បូង ជាពាក្យដែលត្រូវបានគេប្រើដើម្បីសំដៅលើ
ផ្នែកខាងត្បូងនៃទ្វីបអាស៊ី ដែលមានបណ្តាប្រទេសនៃអនុតំបន់ហិមាល័យ និង
ការគ្រប់គ្រងមួយចំនួនលើទឹកដីដែលភា្ជប់បណ្តាប្រទេស ខាងលិចនិងខាងកើត។ យោងតាមសណ្ឋានដី, អាស៊ីទក្សិណគ្របដណ្តប់មួយផ្នែកធំដោយវាលទំនាបឥណ្ឌា,
ដែលមានរយៈកំពស់ជាងកម្រិតទឹកសមុទ្រដូចជា
នេប៉ាល់និងផ្នែកខាងជើងនៃប្រទេសឥណ្ឌា គឺភាគខាង ត្បូងរបស់ភ្នំហិមាល័យនិង ហិណ្ឌូគុស Hindu Kush ។ អាស៊ីទក្សិណគឺជាប់ជុំវិញទៅដោយ
មហាសមុទ្រ ឥណ្ឌា ហើយនិង ផ្នែកដីគោកគឺមាន អាស៊ីខាងលិច, អាស៊ីកណ្តាល, អាស៊ីខាងកើត, និង អាស៊ីអាគ្នេយ៍។
ទឹកដីបច្ចុប្បន្នដែលបង្កើតបានជា
អាស៊ីទក្សិណ រួមមានៈ
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ប្រទេសនិងទឹកដីនៃអាស៊ីទក្សិណមានដូចខាងស្តាំនេះ
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នានានៃ តំបន់អាស៊ីទក្សិណតែប៉ុណ្ណោះ ។
ប្រទេស Myanmar (អតីតប្រទេសភូមា) អាចត្រូវបានគេចាត់ចូលជាប្រទេសក្នុងអាស៊ីទក្សិណផងដែរ ចំពោះ ចំនងទាក់ទងផ្នែកប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រនិងនយោបាយជាមួយឥណ្ឌា ប៉ុន្តែប្រទេសនេះបានចូលរួមក្នុង តំបន់ អាស៊ីអាគ្នេយ៍ ទៅហើយ។
I. ផែនទីអាស៊ីទក្សិណ
១. អាហ្វហ្កានីស្ថាន Afghanistan
ជាប្រទេសមួយដែលមានទីតាំងនៅ អាស៊ីទក្សិណ និង អាស៊ីកណ្តាល ដែលមានផ្ទៃដី សរុបចំនួន 652,000 km2,
ជាប្រទេសធំលំដាប់ទី 41st លើពិភពលោក។ ទ្វេរភាសា គឺជារឿងសាមញ្ញទៅហើយនៅក្នុងប្រទេសនេះ ដែលភាសាផ្លូវការគឺ
– Pashto និង Dari ។ ភាសាទាំងពីរគឺជាអំបូរភាសា Indo-European ក្នុងគ្រួសារភាសាអ៊ីរ៉ង់។ Dari (Afghan Persian)
ត្រូវបានគេចាត់ទុកថាជា ភាសាដ៏មានកិត្យានុភាព និង
ភាសា lingua franca សម្រាប់ទំនាក់ទំនងអន្តរសាសន៍
។
ភាសាដើមនៅក្នុងក្រុមជនភាគតិចរួមមាន Uzbek, Arabic,
Turkmen, Balochi, Pashayi, និង Nuristani (Ashkunu,
Kamkata-viri, Vasi-vari, Tregami, និង Kalasha-ala) ។
ភាសាបន្ទាប់បន្សំមានដូចជា ភាសា Pamiri (Shughni,
Munji, Ishkashimi, និង Wakhi), Brahui, Hindko, ហើយនិង
Kyrgyz ។
២. ប្រទេសបង់ក្លាដែស Bangladesh
មានទីតាំងនៅក្នុងតំបន់អាស៊ីទក្សិណ, Bangladesh មានព្រំប្រទល់ភាគហ៊ុំព័ទ្ធដោយប្រទេសឥណ្ឌា, ចំនែកមួយភាគខាងកើតនិងខាងត្បូង
មានព្រំប្រទល់ទៅនិងប្រទេសភូមានិងឈូងសមុទ្របេងកាល់ ។ ជាង
98% នៃជនបង់ក្លាដែលនិយាយភាសា Bengali ជាភាសាដើមរបស់ខ្លួន។ ភាសានេះត្រូវបានគេចាត់ទុកជាភាសាផ្លូវការនៅឆ្នាំ 1952, នៅពេលដែលជនបង់ក្លាដែល
Bangaldesh (អតីតគឺជាអ្នកបេងកាល់ខាងកើត) សកម្មក្នុងការសម្រេចអោយបាននូវ
ភាសាខ្លួនជាភាសាចម្បង និង បង្កើតបានជាចលនាភាសា។ ក្រៅពីភាសាបង់កាលី (Bengali), ភាសា English
ក៏ត្រូវបានគេប្រើជាភាសាទីពីរ
សម្រាប់វណ្ណៈកណ្តាលនិងវណ្ណៈខ្ពស់ ហើយក៏ត្រូវបានគេប្រើក្នុងប្រព័ន្ធអប់រំនិងប្រព័ន្ធច្បាប់ ។
៣. ប្រទេសប៊ូតង់ Bhutan
ស្រដៀងគ្នាទៅនិងប្រទេសអាហ្វហ្កានីស្ថាន, ប៊ូតង់គឺជាប្រទេសដែលនៅហ៊ុំព័ទ្ធដោយប្រទេសជាច្រើននៅអាស៊ីខាងត្បូង។
ប្រទេសនេះមានទីតាំងនៅចុងខាងកើតនៃជួរភ្នំហិមាល័យ។ ព្រំប្រទល់ខាងជើងនិងខាងត្បូងដោយចិន ហើយខាងលិចនិងខាងកើតដោយឥណ្ឌា។ ភាសាជាផ្លូវការគឺភាសា
Bhutanese (Dzongkha), ជាភាសាមួយក្នុងចំនោម
៥៣ភាសានៃអំបូរភាសាទីបេ។ យ៉ាងណាក្តី, English គឺជាភាសាមួយដែលត្រូវបានគេប្រើជាមធ្យមនៅសាលា។ យោងតាមបញ្ជីភាសានៃជាតិពន្ធុ, មាន 24 ភាសាដែលត្រូវបានគេនិយាយនៅក្នុងប្រទេសប៊ូតង់។
យោងតាមការស្ទង់មតិពិភពលោកនៅឆ្នាំ 2006, Bhutan ត្រូវបានគេចាត់ថ្នាក់ជាប្រទេសដែលសប្បាយបំផុត
ជាប់លេខរៀងទី៨លើពិភពលោក។
៤. ប្រទេសឥណ្ឌា India
ឥណ្ឌាជាប្រទេសធំបំផុតនៅអាស៊ីខាងត្បូង ហើយជាប្រទេសធំបំផុតលំដាប់ទី៧លើពិភពលោក
ខាងទំហំទឹកដី។
ដោយសារតែការលាតសន្ធឹងដ៏ល្វឹងល្វើយនៃដែនដីនិងភាពខុសគ្នានៃវប្បធម៌របស់ប្រជាជន, គ្មានទេភាសាផ្លូវការរបស់ជាតិ។ ទោះជាយ៉ាងណា, Hindi គឺជាភាសាផ្លូវការរបស់រដ្ឋាភិបាល ហើយត្រូវបាននិយាយដោយមនុស្សភាគច្រើន។ English ក៏ត្រូវបានគេប្រើជាផ្លូវការផងដែរ
ហើយត្រូវបានគេនិយាយយ៉ាងទូលំទូលាយនៅក្នុងការសិក្សាជាន់ខ្ពស់ ក្នុងជំនួញ និង
វិស័យអប់រំ។
រដ្ឋនិមួយៗ និង ដែនដីរបស់សហព័ន្ធ
សុទ្ធតែមានភាសាផ្លូវការមួយឬច្រើន។ រដ្ឋធម្មនុញ្ញបានទទួលស្គាល់ភាសាចំនួន 22, ដែលមានការទទួលស្គាល់ មានចាត់ជាឋានៈ និង ការយល់ដឹង។ បន្ថែមពីនេះ,
Tamil, Sanskrit, Telegu, Kannada, Malayalam ហើយនិង Oriya ត្រូវបានគេចាត់ទុកជាភាសាល្អវិសេស។ ភាសាចម្បងៗដទៃទៀតរួមមាន Bengali, Marathi,
Urdu, Gujarati, Punjabi និង Assamese ។
៥. កោះម៉ាល់ឌីវ Maldives
Maldives គឺជាប្រជាជាតិមួយដែលរស់នៅលើកោះមួយនៅក្នុងមហាសមុទ្រ ឥណ្ឌា-អារ៉ាប់។ វាជាប្រទេសតូចបំផុតទាំងខាងប្រជាជនទាំងខាងផ្ទៃដីនៅអាស៊ី។ ភាសាជាផ្លូវការនិងត្រូវបានគេនិយាយជាទូទៅនៅក្នុងប្រទេសគឺភាសា Dhivehi, ដែលជាភាសាក្នុងអម្បូរ
Indo-Aryan ។ កំនត់ត្រារបស់ភាសា Dhivehi មានការប្រែប្រួលជាច្រើន។ កំនត់ត្រាដំបូងគឺ Eveyla akuru script, ដែលត្រូវបានគេរកឃើញក្នុងកំនត់ត្រារបស់ព្រះមហាក្សត្រ។ កំនត់ត្រាមួយដែលត្រូវបានគេរកឃើញថា ចារក្នុងរជ្ជកាលព្រះចៅ Mohamed Thakurufaanu មានការចារពីស្តាំទៅឆ្វេង ។
ក្រៅពីភាសា Dhivehi, ភាសា English ត្រូវបានគេប្រើក្នុងវិស័យពាណិជ្ជកម្មនិងការអប់រំ ។
៦. ប្រទេសនេប៉ាល់ Nepal
Nepal គឺជាប្រទេសមួយក្នុងចំនោមប្រទេសបីដែលហ៊ុំព័ទ្ធដោយប្រទេសផ្សេងៗ។ វាមានទីតាំងនៅជួរភ្នំហិមាល័យ ដែលព្រំដែនភាគខាងជើងគឺចិន, ព្រំដែនខាងកើត ខាងត្បូង និង ខាងលិចគឺជាមួយឥណ្ឌា ។ ដីភ្នំនៅភាគខាងជើង
Nepal មានកម្ពស់ខ្ពស់បំផុត១០, រាប់បញ្ចូលកំពូលភ្នំខ្ពស់បំផុតនៅលើផែនដីគឺ ភ្នំ
Everest ។
ប្រទេសនេះមានមរតកភាសាខុសៗគ្នាដែលដុះពន្លកចេញពីក្រុមភាសាចម្បង៤ គឺ: Indo-Aryan,
Tibeto-Burman, Mongolian និង ភាសានៃជនជាតិដើមនៅតាមតំបន់និមួយៗ។ Nepali គឺជាភាសាផ្លូវការនិងជាភាសាជាតិដែលត្រូវបានគេនិយាយស្ទើរតែពាក់កណ្តាល់នៃប្រជាជនទាំងអស់(44.6%)។ ទាញចេញបី
Sanskri, Nepali ត្រូវបានគេសរសេរក្នុងទម្រង់អក្សរ ទេវៈនាគរី (Devanagari script) ។
ភាសាសំខាន់ៗដទៃទៀតរួមមាន Maithili, Bhojpuri, Tharu, Tamang, Nepal
Bhasa, Bajjika, Magar, Doteli, Urdu និង Sunwar ។
ភាសា English ត្រូវបានគេប្រើក្នុងជួររដ្ឋាភិបាលនិងអ្នកជំនួញ។
៧. ប្រទេសប៉ាគីស្ថាន Pakistan
Pakistan គឺជាប្រទេសធំបំផុតទី
36th លើពិភពលោក។ វាមានព្រំដែនខាងកើតជាប់និងប្រទេសឥណ្ឌា, ខាងលិចជាប់និង Afghanistan, ពាយ័ព្យជាប់និង Iran
និងជាប់ជាមួយចិននៅភាគខាងឥសាន។ មានភាសាច្រើនជាង ៦ ដែលត្រូវបានគេនិយាយនៅក្នុងប្រទេសនេះ, ក្នុងនោះភាសា
Urdu ត្រូវបានគេចាត់ទុកថាមានគេយល់បានច្រើនគឺ 75% នៃប្រជាជនទាំងអស់។ ភាសា English គឺជាភាសាផ្លូវការដែលត្រូវបានគេប្រើក្នុងជំនួញ
រដ្ឋាភិបាលនិងកិច្ចសន្យាតាមផ្លូវច្បាប់។ ការប្រាស្រ័យទាក់ទងនៅក្នុងតំបន់គឺប្រើភាសា Pakistani-English ។
ភាសាដែលប្រើសំខាន់ៗដទៃទៀតរួមមាន Punjabi, Saraiki,
Pashto, Sindhi និង Balochi ។ ភាសា
Punjabi ត្រូវបានគេនិយាយនៅតំបន់ Punjab, ភាសា
Saraiki នៅភាគខាងត្បូងនៃ
Punjab, ហើយភាសា Pashto នៅក្នុងតំបន់ Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa,
Sindh និងនៅ Balochistan ។
៨. កោះស្រីលង្កា Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka គឺជាប្រទេសកោះដែលមានព្រំដែនជាប់និងឥណ្ឌានិងប្រទេសម៉ាល់ឌីវ។ ប្រទេសនេះគឺជាមូលដ្ឋាននៃសាសនាជាច្រើន, ក្រុមជាតិពន្ធុនានា និង
ភាសាផ្សេងៗ។
ភាសាជាផ្លូវការគឺ Sinhalese និង Tamil ចំនែកភាសា
English គឺជាភាសាភ្ជាប់ទំនងទំនង។ ភាសា English
ត្រូវបានគេប្រើយ៉ាងទូលំទូលាយនៅក្នុងវិស័យអប់រំ, វិទ្យាសាស្ត្រនិងជំនួញ។ សមាជិកនៃសហគមន៍ Burgher និយាយភាសាក្នុងទម្រង់ ពទុយកាល់ ក្រេអូល
និងហូឡង់, ចំនែកសមាជិកនៃសហគមន៍ Malay និយាយតាមបែប Creole
Malay ។
II.
និយមន័យ
និយមន័យ
តំបន់ទាំងមូលនៃអាស៊ីទក្សិណ និង
វិសាលភាពលាតសន្ធឹងរបស់វា គឺមានភាពមិនច្បាស់លាស់
ដែលត្រូវបានគេកំនត់លក្ខណៈជាប្រព័ន្ធនៃគោលនយោបាយ និង
ភាគផ្សំរបស់វាដែលមានលក្ខណៈមិនដូចគ្នានោះទេ។ ដោយឡែកចេញពីតំបន់កណ្តាលនៃអាស៊ីទក្សិណ, ដែលជាអតីតដែនអាណានិគមរបស់អង់គ្លេស, មានភាពខុសគ្នាយ៉ាងខ្លាំងចំពោះបណ្តាប្រទេសដែលត្រូវបានរាប់បញ្ចូលក្នុងអាស៊ីទក្សិណ។
និយមន័យទំនើបអំពី អាស៊ីទក្សិណ
ដែលគេរាប់ដោយមិនមានភាពប្រែប្រួល គឺបណ្តាប្រទេសដូចតទៅ៖ Afghanistan,
India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan និង
Maldives គឺជាប្រទេសដែលមិនអាចដកចេញបាន។
ទស្សនៈជាធម្មតាស្តីអំពីអាស៊ីទក្សិណ
គឺមានមរតកពីព្រំដែនរដ្ឋបាលរបស់
អំនាចគ្រប់គ្រងរបស់អង់គ្លេសដោយមានការលើកលែងក្នុងករណីជាច្រើន។
សមាគមអាស៊ីខាងត្បូងសម្រាប់កិច្ចសហប្រតិបត្តិការតំបន់
(South Asian
Association for Regional Cooperation - SAARC), គឺជាប្លុកប្រទេសដែលមានចំនងទាក់ទងនិងគ្នា,
ចាប់ផ្តើមនៅឆ្នាំ 1985 ដែលមានប្រទេសចំនួន
៧គឺ៖ Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan ហើយនិង Sri Lanka – ដោយគេបានបន្ថែមប្រទេស Afghanistan ជាសមាជិកទី៨នៅឆ្នាំ 2007 ។ ប្រទេសចិននិងភូមា
ក៏បានដាក់ពាក្យសុំចូលជាសមាជិកពេញសិទ្ធិរបស់សមាគមនេះដែរ។
ប្លុកប្រទេសនេះបានរាប់បញ្ចូលប្រទេសពីរដែលមិនធ្លាប់ស្ថិតនៅក្រោមការត្រួតត្រារបស់អង់គ្លេសគឺ
ប្រទេស Nepal និង Bhutan ។ ប្រទេស Afghanistan
គឺជាប្រទេសក្រោមអាណាព្យាបាលអង់គ្លេសចាប់ពីឆ្នាំ 1878 រហូតដល់ឆ្នាំ 1919, គឺបន្ទាប់ពីពួកអាហ្វហ្កាន់ចាញ់អង់គ្លេសនៅក្នុងសង្គ្រាម
Second Anglo-Afghan ។ សៀវភៅ The World Factbook, ដោយយោងទៅតាមភូមិសាស្ត្រនយោបាយ,
ប្រជាជន និង សេដ្ឋកិច្ច
បានកំនត់និយមន័យអាស៊ីទក្សិណថាមានប្រទេសដូចតទៅ៖ Afghanistan, Bangladesh,
Bhutan, ដែនដីទាំងឡាយដែលនៅក្នុងមហាសមុទ្រឥណ្ឌាហើយដែលស្ថិតក្រោមការត្រួតត្រារបស់អង់គ្លេស,
India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, និង Sri Lanka ។ កិច្ចព្រមព្រៀងពាណិជ្ជកម្មសេរីរបស់អាស៊ីទក្សិណ South Asia Free Trade
Agreement បានបញ្ចូលប្រទេស Afghanistan នៅឆ្នាំ 2011, ហើយធនាគារពិភពលោក World Bank បានចាត់ចូលក្នុងក្រុមប្រទេសនៃអាស៊ីទក្សិណដែលមានប្រទេសចំនួន ៨
ដូចគ្នាទៅនិងសមាជិករបស់ SAARC ផងដែរ។
និយមន័យតាម កម្មវិធីសិក្សាពីអាស៊ីខាងត្បូង
នៅពេលដែល មជ្ឈមណ្ឌលសម្រាប់ការសិក្សាពីអាស៊ីខាងត្បូង នៅឯសាកលវិទ្យាល័យខាំប្រ៊ីដ ត្រូវបានបង្កើតឡើងនៅឆ្នាំ 1964, វាត្រូវបានគេជម្រុញអោយធ្វើការសិក្សាពីប្រទេស India, Pakistan, Sri
Lanka, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, the
Himalayan Kingdoms (Nepal, Bhutan, and
Sikkim), ហើយនិងប្រទេសភូមា Burma (សព្វថ្ងៃគឺប្រទេស
Myanmar)។ ការសិក្សាក៏បានរាប់បញ្ចូលប្រទេស Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Indonesia, the Philippines និង Hong Kong ។
មជ្ឈមណ្ឌលសម្រាប់ការសិក្សាពីអាស៊ីខាងត្បូង
ក៏មានទាំងនៅសាកលវិទ្យាល័យពីរទៀតគឺ សាកល University of Michigan និង University of Virginia ដែលគេសិក្សាលើ
Tibet និងសមាជិកទាំងប្រាំបីនៃ SAARC នៅក្នុងកម្មវិធីស្រាវជ្រាវរបស់គេ,
ប៉ុន្តែគេដកចេញប្រទេស Maldives ។ កម្មវិធីសិក្សាពីអាស៊ីខាងត្បូងនៃសាកលវិទ្យាល័យ
Rutgers University និង University of California,
Berkeley បានរាប់បញ្ចូលប្រទេស Maldives ។
កម្មវិធីសិក្សាពីអាស៊ីខាងត្បូងនៃសាកលវិទ្យាល័យ Brandeis University បានកំនត់ថា
តំបន់នេះមានប្រទេស "India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal,
Bhutan, ហើយនៅក្នុងបរិបទជាក់លាក់រួមមាន Afghanistan, Burma,
Maldives និង Tibet" ។
កម្មវិធីស្រដៀងគ្នានេះដែរនៅសាកលវិទ្យាល័យ Columbia University បានរាប់បញ្ចូលប្រទេស
Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, និង
Sri Lanka ទៅក្នុងការសិក្សាប៉ុន្តែដកចេញប្រទេស Burma ។
ចំនាត់ថ្នាក់ស្ថិតិរបស់អង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិលើ បំនែងចែកគ្រោងការណ៍សម្រាប់អនុតំបន់
បានរាប់យកសមាជិកទាំងប្រាំបីនៃ SAARC ថាជាផ្នែករបស់អាស៊ីទក្សិណ,
ដោយមានប្រទេស Iran ប៉ុន្តែប្រើសម្រាប់តែគោលបំណងស្ថិតិប៉ុណ្ណោះ។ បណ្តាញព័ត៌មានស្តីពីប្រជាសាស្ត្រ
(Population Information Network - POPIN) បានរាប់បញ្ចូលប្រទេស Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Burma, India,
Nepal, Pakistan និង Sri Lanka ថាជាផ្នែកនៃអាស៊ីទក្សិណ។
ប្រទេស Maldives, តាមទស្សនៈរបស់បណ្តាញនេះ, ត្រូវបានគេទទួលយកថាជាសមាជិកនៃអនុតំបន់ Pacific POPIN តាមគោលការណ៍នៃបណ្តាញប៉ុណ្ណោះ។
តំបន់អាស៊ីទក្សិណក៏ត្រូវបានគេរាប់បញ្ចូលនូវទឹកដីដែលមានជំលោះ
Aksai Chin, អតីតទឹកដីក្រោមអាណានិគមអង់គ្លេស-ឥណ្ឌានៃរដ្ឋ Jammu and Kashmir, ប៉ុន្តែសព្វថ្ងៃវាស្ថិតក្រោមរដ្ឋបាលចិន ក្នុងលក្ខណៈជាតំបន់ស្វយ័តនៃខេត្ត Xinjiang.។
The inclusion of Myanmar in South Asia is without
consensus, with many considering it a part of Southeast Asia and others
including it within South Asia. Afghanistan was of importance to the British
colonial empire, especially after the Second Anglo-Afghan War over
1878–1880. Afghanistan remained a British protectorate until 1919, when a
treaty with Vladimir Lenin included the granting of independence to
Afghanistan. Following India's partition, Afghanistan has generally
been included in South Asia, with some considering it a part of Southwest Asia.
During the Soviet war in Afghanistan
(1979–1989) American foreign policy considered Pakistan and Afghanistan in
Southwest Asia, while others included it as a part of South Asia. There is no
universal agreement among scholars on which countries should be included within
South Asia.
In the past, a lack of a coherent definition for South
Asia resulted in not only a lack of academic studies, but also in a lack
interest for such studies. The confusion existed also because of the lack of a
clear boundary – geographically, geopolitical, socio-culturally, economically
or historically – between South Asia and other parts of Asia, especially the
Middle East and Southeast Asia. Identification with a South Asian identity was
also found to be significantly low among respondents in an older two-year
survey across Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. However,
modern definitions of South Asia are very consistent in including Afghanistan,
India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan and Maldives as the
constituent countries.
III. ឧបទ្វីបឥណ្ឌា
According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the term
"subcontinent" signifies a "subdivision of a continent which has
a distinct geographical, political, or cultural identity" and also a
"large land mass somewhat smaller than a continent". Historians
Catherine Asher and Cynthia Talbot state that the term "Indian
subcontinent" describes a natural physical landmass in South Asia that has
been relatively isolated from the rest of Eurasia. The Indian subcontinent is
also a geological term referring to the land mass that drifted northeastwards
from ancient Gondwana, colliding with the Eurasian
plate nearly 55 million years ago, towards the end of Palaeocene. This
geological region largely includes Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal,
Pakistan and Sri Lanka.
The use of the term Indian
subcontinent began in the British Empire, and has been a term particularly
common in its successors. This region has also been labelled as
"India" (in its classical and pre-modern sense), "Greater
India", or as South Asia.
According to anthropologist John R.
Lukacs, "the Indian Subcontinent occupies the major
landmass of South Asia", while the political science professor Tatu
Vanhanen states, "the seven countries of South Asia
constitute geographically a compact region around the Indian
Subcontinent". According to Chris Brewster, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh,
Sri Lanka, Nepal and Bhutan constitute the Indian subcontinent; with Afghanistan
and Maldives included it is more commonly referred to as South Asia. The
geopolitical boundaries of Indian subcontinent, according to Dhavendra Kumar,
include "India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan and other
small islands of the Indian Ocean". Maldives, the country consisting of a
small archipelago southwest of the peninsula,
is considered part of the Indian subcontinent.
The terms "Indian
subcontinent" and "South Asia" are sometimes used
interchangeably. The South Asia term is particularly common when scholars or
officials seek to differentiate this region from East Asia. According to
historians Sugata Bose and Ayesha
Jalal, the Indian subcontinent has come to be known as South
Asia "in more recent and neutral parlance." This "neutral"
notion refers to the concerns of Pakistan and Bangladesh, particularly given
the recurring conflicts between India and Pakistan, wherein the dominant
placement of "India" as a prefix before the subcontinent might offend
some political sentiments.
There is no globally accepted
definition on which countries are a part of South Asia or Indian subcontinent.
While Afghanistan is not considered as a part of the Indian subcontinent,
Afghanistan is often included in South Asia. Similarly, Myanmar is
included by some scholars in South Asia but not in Indian subcontinent.
IV. ភូមិសាស្ត្រ
សូមរកមើលព័ត៌មានលម្អិតបន្ថែមតាមរយៈពាក្យគន្លឹះទាំងនេះ: Geography of India, Geography of Pakistan, Geography of Afghanistan, Geography of Bangladesh, Geography of Bhutan, Geography of Sri Lanka, Geography of Nepal, និង Geography of the Maldives
While South Asia had never been a coherent geopolitical region, it
has a distinct geographical identity
The Indian subcontinent, and the Himalayas on the
northeast, is the result of the collision of the Indian Plate with the Eurasian
Plate through tectonic
activity between 20 and 50 million years ago.
According to Saul Cohen, early colonial era strategists
treated South Asia with East Asia, but in reality the South Asia region
excluding Afghanistan is a distinct geopolitical region
separated from other nearby geostrategic realms, one that is geographically
diverse. The region is home to a variety of geographical features, such as glaciers, rainforests, valleys, deserts, and grasslands that are
typical of much larger continents. It is surrounded by three water
bodies – the Bay of Bengal, the Indian
Ocean and the Arabian Sea – and
has acutely varied climate zones. The tip of the Indian Peninsula had the
highest quality pearls.
១. ព្រំដែន
The
boundaries of South Asia vary based on how the region is defined. South Asia's
northern, eastern, and western boundaries vary based on definitions used, while
the Indian Ocean is the southern periphery.
Most of this region rests on the Indian
Plate and is isolated from the rest of Asia by mountain
barriers.[90][91] Much of
the region consists of a peninsula in
south-central Asia, rather resembling a diamond which is delineated by the
Himalayas on the north, the Hindu Kush in the
west, and the Arakanese in the east,[92] and which
extends southward into the Indian Ocean with the Arabian Sea to the
southwest and the Bay of Bengal to the southeast.[32][34]
According
to Robert M. Cutler – a scholar of Political Science at Carleton University,[93] the terms
South Asia, Southwest Asia and Central Asia are distinct, but the confusion and
disagreements have arisen because of geopolitical movement to enlarge these
regions into Greater South Asia, Greater Southwest Asia and Greater Central
Asia. The frontier of Greater South Asia, states Cutler, between 2001–2006 has
been geopolitically extended to eastern Iran and western Afghanistan in the
west, and in the north to northeastern Iran, northern Afghanistan, and southern
Uzbekistan.[93]
២. វាលទំនាបឥណ្ឌា
Main article: Indian
plate
Most of
this region is a subcontinent resting on the Indian
Plate, the northerly portion of the Indo-Australian Plate, separated from the rest of
the Eurasian Plate. The Indian Plate includes
most of South Asia, forming a land mass which extends from the Himalayas into a
portion of the basin under the Indian
Ocean, including parts of South China and Eastern
Indonesia, as well
as Kunlun and Karakoram ranges,[94][95][96][page needed] and
extending up to but not including Ladakh, Kohistan, the Hindu Kush range and Balochistan.[97][98][99] It may be
noted that geophysically the Yarlung Tsangpo River in Tibet is situated at the
outside of the border of the Subcontinental structure, while the Pamir
Mountains in Tajikistan are
situated inside that border.[100]
It was once
a small continent before colliding with the Eurasian
Plate about 50–55 million years ago and giving birth to the Himalayan
range and the Tibetan
plateau. It is the peninsular region
south of the Himalayas and Kuen Lun mountain
ranges and east of the Indus River and the Iranian
Plateau, extending southward into the Indian Ocean between the Arabian Sea (to the
southwest) and the Bay of Bengal (to the southeast).
៣. អាកាសធាតុ
South Asia's Köppen
climate classification map[101] is based on native vegetation, temperature,
precipitation and their seasonality.
The climate of this vast region varies considerably from
area to area from tropical monsoon in the south to temperate in the north. The
variety is influenced by not only the altitude, but also by factors such as
proximity to the sea coast and the seasonal impact of the monsoons. Southern
parts are mostly hot in summers and receive rain during monsoon periods. The
northern belt of Indo-Gangetic plains also is hot in summer, but
cooler in winter. The mountainous north is colder and receives snowfall at
higher altitudes of Himalayan ranges.
As the Himalayas block the
north-Asian bitter cold winds, the temperatures are considerably moderate in
the plains down below. For most part, the climate of the region is called the Monsoon climate,
which keeps the region humid during summer and dry during winter, and favours
the cultivation of jute, tea, rice, and
various vegetables in this region.
South Asia
is largely divided into four broad climate zones:
- The northern Indian edge and northern Pakistani uplands have a dry subtropical continental climate
- The far south of India and southwest Sri Lanka have a equatorial climate
- Most of the peninsula have a tropical climate with variations:
- Hot subtropical climate in northwest India
- Cool winter hot tropical climate in Bangladesh
- Tropical semi-arid climate in the center
- The Himalayas have an Alpine climate
Maximum relative humidity of over 80% has been recorded
in Khasi and Jaintia Hills and Sri
Lanka, while the area adjustment to Pakistan and western India records lower
than 20%–30%. Climate of South Asia is largely characterized by monsoons. South
Asia depends critically on monsoon rainfall. Two monsoon systems exist in the
region:
- The summer monsoon: Wind blows from southwest to most of parts of the region. It accounts for 70%–90% of the annual precipitation.
- The winter monsoon: Wind blows from northeast. Dominant in Sri Lanka and Maldives.
The warmest period of the year precedes the monsoon
season (March to mid June). In the summer the low pressures are centered over
the Indus-Gangetic Plain and high wind from the
Indian Ocean blows towards the center. The monsoons are second coolest season
of the year because of high humidity and cloud covering. But, at the beginning
of June the jetstreams vanish above the Tibetan
Plateau, low pressure over the Indus
Valley deepens and the Intertropical Convergence
Zone (ITCZ) moves in. The change is violent. Moderately
vigorous monsoon depressions form in the Bay of Bengal and make landfall from
June to September.
V. ទិន្នន័យស្ថិតិ
|
Capital
|
Area
(km2) |
Population
(2017) |
Density
(per km2) |
Nominal GDP
(2017) |
(2017)
|
(2016)
|
|
|
652,864
|
34,169,169
|
53.3
|
$20.57 billion
|
$559
|
0.479
|
||
|
147,610
|
164,827,718
|
1,116.6
|
$248.85 billion
|
$1,520
|
0.579
|
||
|
38,394
|
792,877
|
20.6
|
$2.31 billion
|
$2,870
|
0.607
|
||
|
3,287,263
|
1,342,512,706
|
408.4
|
$2.450 trillion
|
$1,850
|
0.624
|
||
|
298
|
375,867
|
1,261.3
|
$3.58 billion
|
$9,950
|
0.701
|
||
|
147,181
|
29,187,037
|
198.3
|
$23.32 billion
|
$799
|
0.558
|
||
|
881,913
|
207,774,520
|
223.1
|
$304.4 billion
|
$1,547
|
0.550
|
||
|
65,610
|
20,905,335
|
318.6
|
$84.02 billion
|
$3,930
|
0.766
|
VI. ប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រ
១. សម័យបុរាណ
The history of core South Asia begins with evidence of
human activity of Homo sapiens, as long as
75,000 years ago, or with earlier hominids including Homo
erectus from about 500,000 years ago. The Indus Valley Civilization, which
spread and flourished in the northwestern part of South Asia from c. 3300 to
1300 BCE in present-day Northern
India, Pakistan and Afghanistan, was the
first major civilization in South Asia. A sophisticated and technologically
advanced urban culture developed in the Mature
Harappan period, from 2600 to 1900 BCE.
The earliest prehistoric culture have roots in the
mesolithic sites as evidenced by the rock paintings of Bhimbetka rock shelters dating to
a period of 30,000 BCE or older, as well as neolithic times. According to
anthropologist Possehl, the Indus Valley Civilization provides a
logical, if somewhat arbitrary, starting point for South Asian religions, but
these links from the Indus religion to later-day South Asian traditions are
subject to scholarly dispute.
The Vedic period, named after the Vedic religion of the Indo-Aryans, lasted from c. 1900 to 500
BCE. The Indo-Aryans were pastoralists who migrated into north-western India
after the collapse of the Indus Valley Civilization, Linguistic and
archaeological data show a cultural change after 1500 BCE, with the linguistic
and religious data clearly showing links with Indo-European languages and
religion. By about 1200 BCE, the Vedic culture and agrarian lifestyle was
established in the northwest and northern Gangetic plain of South Asia.
Rudimentary state-forms appeared, of which the Kuru-Pañcāla
union was the most influential. The first recorded state-level
society in South Asia existed around 1000 BCE. In this period,
states Samuel, emerged the Brahmana and Aranyaka layers of Vedic texts, which
merged into the earliest Upanishads. These texts began to ask the meaning of a
ritual, adding increasing levels of philosophical and metaphysical speculation,
or "Hindu synthesis".
The Indo-Aryans brought with them their language and
religion. The Vedic beliefs and practices of the pre-classical era were closely
related to the hypothesised Proto-Indo-European religion and the Indo-Iranian religion, the
latter being "a syncretic mixture of old Central Asian and new
Indo-European elements". The Vedic religion history is unclear and
"heavily contested", states Samuel.
Increasing urbanisation of India between 800 and 400
BCE, and possibly the spread of urban diseases, contributed to the rise of
ascetic movements and of new ideas which challenged the orthodox Brahmanism. These
ideas led to Sramana movements, of which Mahavira
(c. 549–477 BCE), proponent of Jainism, and Buddha (c.
563-483), founder of Buddhism, were the most prominent
icons.
The Greek army led by Alexander the Great stayed in the Hindu Kush region of
South Asia for several years and then later moved into the Indus valley region.
Later, the Maurya Empire extended over much of South
Asia in the 3rd century BCE. Buddhism spread beyond the Indian subcontinent,
through northwest into Central Asia. The Bamiyan
Buddhas of Afghanistan and the edicts of
Aśoka suggest that the Buddhist monks spread Buddhism
(Dharma) in eastern provinces of the Seleucid
Empire, and possibly even farther into West Asia. The
Theravada school spread south from India in the 3rd century BCE, to Sri Lanka,
later to Southeast Asia. Buddhism, by the last centuries of the 1st millennium
BCE, was prominent in the Himalayan region, Gandhara, Hindu Kush region and
Bactria.
From about 500 BCE through about 300 CE, the
Vedic-Brahmanic synthesis or "Hindu synthesis" continued. Classical
Hindu and Sramanic (particularly Buddhist) ideas spread within Indian
subcontinent, as well outside South Asia. The Gupta
Empire ruled over a large part of the subcontinent between 4th
and 7th centuries, a period that saw the construction of major temples,
monasteries and universities such as the Nalanda. During
this era, and through the 10th century, numerous cave monasteries and temples
such as the Ajanta Caves, Badami cave temples and Ellora
Caves were built in South Asia.
២. មជ្ឈឹមសម័យ
Islam came as a political power in the fringe of South
Asia in 8th century CE when the Arab general Muhammad bin Qasim conquered Sindh and Multan in
southern Punjab in modern-day Pakistan. By
962 CE, Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms in South Asia were under a wave of raids
from Muslim armies from Central Asia. Among them was Mahmud of
Ghazni, who raided and plundered kingdoms in north India from
east of the Indus river to west of Yamuna river seventeen times between 997 and
1030. Mahmud of Ghazni raided the treasuries but retracted each time, only
extending Islamic rule into western Punjab.
The wave of raids on north Indian and western Indian
kingdoms by Muslim warlords continued after Mahmud of Ghazni, plundering and
looting these kingdoms. The raids did not establish or extend permanent
boundaries of their Islamic kingdoms. The Ghurid Sultan Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad began a systematic war of
expansion into north India in 1173. He sought to carve out a principality for
himself by expanding the Islamic world. Mu'izz sought a Sunni
Islamic kingdom of his own extending east of the Indus river,
and he thus laid the foundation for the Muslim kingdom that became the Delhi
Sultanate. Some historians chronicle the Delhi Sultanate from
1192 due to the presence and geographical claims of Mu'izz al-Din in South Asia
by that time. The Delhi Sultanate covered varying parts of South Asia, and was
ruled by a series of dynasties, called Mamluk, Khalji, Tughlaq, Sayyid and Lodi
dynasties. Muhammad bin Tughlaq came to power in 1325,
launched a war of expansion and the Delhi Sultanate reached it largest
geographical reach over the Indian subcontinent during his 26-year rule. A
Sunni Sultan, Muhammad bin Tughlaq persecuted non-Muslims such as Hindus, as
well as non-Sunni Muslims such as Shia and Mahdi sects.
Revolts against the Delhi Sultanate sprang up in many
parts of South Asia during the 14th century. After the death of Muhammad bin
Tughlaq, the Bengal Sultanate came to power in 1352 CE, as the Delhi Sultanate
began disintegrating. The Bengal Sultanate remained in power through the early
16th century. It was reconquered by the armies of the Mughal Empire. The state
religion of the Bengal Sultanate was Islam, and the region under its rule, a
region that ultimately emerged as the modern nation of Bangladesh, saw a growth
of a syncretic form of Islam. In the Deccan region, the Hindu kingdom Vijayanagara Empire came to power in 1336 and
remained in power through the 16th century, after which it too was reconquered
and absorbed into the Mughal Empire.
About 1526, the Punjab governor Dawlat Khan Lodī reached
out to the Mughal Babur and invited him to attack
Delhi Sultanate. Babur defeated and killed Ibrahim
Lodi in the Battle of Panipat in 1526.
The death of Ibrahim Lodi ended the Delhi Sultanate, and the Mughal
Empire replaced it.
៣. សម័យទំនើប
The modern
history period of South Asia, that is 16th-century onwards,
witnessed the start of the Central Asian dynasty named the Mughals, with
Turkish-Mongol roots and Sunni Islam theology. The first ruler was Babur, whose
empire extended the northwest and Indo-Gangetic Plain regions of South Asia. The
Deccan and northeastern region of the South Asia was largely under Hindu kings
such as those of Vijayanagara Empire and Ahom
kingdom, with some regions such as parts of modern Telangana and Andhra
Pradesh under local Sultanates such as the Shia Islamic rulers
of Golconda Sultanate.
The Mughal Empire continued its wars of expansion after
Babur's death. With the fall of Rajput kingdoms and Vijayanagara, its
boundaries reached all of west, as well as the Marathi and Kannada speaking
regions of the Deccan peninsula. The Mughal Empire was marked by a period of
artistic exchanges and a Central Asian and South Asian architecture synthesis,
with remarkable buildings such as the Taj Mahal. It also
marked an extended period of religious persecution. Two of
the religious leaders of Sikhism, Guru Arjan and Guru Tegh
Bahadur were arrested under orders of the Mughal emperors,
asked to convert to Islam, and executed when they refused. Religious taxes on
non-Muslims called jizya were imposed. Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh temples
were desecrated. However, not all Muslim rulers persecuted non-Muslims. Akbar, a Mughal
ruler for example, sought religious tolerance and abolished jizya. After his
death, the persecution of non-Muslims in South Asia returned. The persecution
and religious violence in South Asia peaked during Aurangzeb era, with him
issuing orders in 1669, to all his governors of provinces to "destroy with
a willing hand the schools and temples of the infidels, and that they were
strictly enjoined to put an entire stop to the teaching and practice of
idolatrous forms of worship". In Aurangzeb's time, almost all of South
Asia was claimed by the Mughal Empire. However, this claim was violently
challenged in various regions of South Asia, particularly by the Sikh Guru Gobind
Singh in the northwest, and by Shivaji in the
Deccan regions.
Maritime trading between South Asia and European
merchants began after the Portuguese explorer Vasco de Gama returned to Europe.
After the death of Aurangzeb and the collapse of the Mughal Empire, the region
came under the rule of many small Islamic sultanates and Hindu kingdoms. British,
French, Portuguese colonial interests struck treaties with these rulers, and
established their trading ports. In the northwest South Asia, a large region
was consolidated into the Sikh Empire by Ranjit
Singh. After his death, the British Empire expanded their
interests till the Hindu Kush region. In the east, the Bengal region was split
into Muslim East Bengal and Hindu West Bengal, by the colonial British empire,
in early 1900s, a split that was reversed. However, after the World War II, at
the eve of India's independence, the region was split again into East Pakistan
and West Bengal. East Pakistan became Bangladesh in 1971 .
បញ្ជីផ្ទៃដីក្រុមប្រទេសនៃតំបន់អាស៊ីទក្សិណ
|
Area
(km2) |
Population
density
(per km2) |
Capital or Secretariat
|
Countries included
|
|||||
|
Core Definition (above) of
South Asia
|
5,220,460
|
1,726,907,000
|
330.79
|
N/A
|
N/A
|
N/A
|
N/A
|
|
|
UNSD of South Asia
|
6,778,083
|
1,702,000,000
|
270.77
|
N/A
|
N/A
|
N/A
|
N/A
|
|
|
4,637,469
|
1,626,000,000
|
350.6
|
N/A
|
N/A
|
||||
|
3,499,559
|
1,465,236,000
|
418.69
|
N/A
|
N/A
|
N/A
|
N/A
|
||
|
3,565,467
|
1,485,909,931
|
416.75
|
N/A
|
N/A
|
N/A
|
N/A
|
VII. ប្រជាសាស្ត្រ
The population of South Asia is about 1.749 billion
which makes it the most populated region in the
world. It is socially very mixed, consisting of many language groups and
religions, and social practices in one region that are vastly different from
those in another.
១. តំបន់ជាយក្រុងធំៗ
South Asia is home to some of the most populated cities
in the world. Delhi, Karachi, Mumbai, and Dhaka are four
of the world's largest megacities.
|
Rank
|
City
|
Province/State
|
Country
|
Population
|
Area (km2)
|
Density (/km2)
|
Classification
|
|
1
|
Delhi Union Territory
|
24,998,000
|
2,072
|
12,100
|
Union territory
|
||
|
2
|
24,300,000
|
945
|
23,400
|
Metropolis
|
|||
|
3
|
17,712,000
|
546
|
32,400
|
Megacity
|
|||
|
4
|
15,669,000
|
360
|
43,500
|
City corporation
|
|||
|
5
|
14,667,000
|
1,204
|
12,200
|
Megacity
|
|||
|
6
|
10,052,000
|
790
|
12,700
|
Metropolis
|
|||
|
7
|
9,807,000
|
1,116
|
8,400
|
Metropolis
|
|||
|
8
|
9,714,000
|
375
|
25,900
|
Metropolis
|
|||
|
9
|
8,754,000
|
971
|
10,000
|
Metropolis
|
|||
|
10
|
7,186,000
|
464
|
20,600
|
Metropolis
|
២. ភាសានៅតំបន់អាស៊ីខាងត្បូង
Main article: Languages
of South Asia
Ethno-linguistic distribution
map of South Asia.
There are numerous languages in South Asia. The spoken
languages of the region are largely based on geography and shared across
religious boundaries, but the written script is sharply divided by religious
boundaries. In particular, Muslims of South Asia such as in Afghanistan and
Pakistan use the Arabic alphabet and Persian Nastaliq. Till 1971, Muslim
Bangladesh (then known as East Pakistan) too mandated only Nastaliq script, but
thereafter has adopted regional scripts and particularly Bengali. Non-Muslims
of South Asia, and some Muslims in India, on the other hand use their
traditional ancient heritage scripts such as those derived from Brahmi
script for Indo-European languages and non-Brahmi scripts for Dravidian languages and others.
The Nagari
script has been the primus inter pares of the traditional South
Asian scripts. The Devanagari script is used for over 120 South Asian
languages, including Hindi, Marathi, Nepali, Pali, Konkani, Bodo, Sindhi and Maithili among
other languages and dialects, making it one of the most used and adopted writing systems in the
world. The Devanagari script is also used for classical Sanskrit texts.
The largest spoken language in this region is Hindi, followed
by Bengali, Telugu, Tamil, Gujarati and Punjabi. In the modern era, new
syncretic languages developed in the region such as Urdu that is
used by Muslim community of northern Indian subcontinent (particularly Pakistan
and northern states of India). The Punjabi language spans three religions:
Islam, Hinduism and Sikhism. The spoken language is similar, but it is written
in three scripts. The Sikh use Gurmukhi
alphabet, Muslim Punjabis in Pakistan use the
Nastaliq script, while Hindu Punjabis in India use the
Gurmukhi or Nāgarī script. The Gurmukhi and Nagari
scripts are distinct but close in their structure, but the Persian Nastaliq
script is very different.
English, with British spelling, is commonly used in
urban areas and is a major economic lingua
franca of South Asia.
៣. សាសនានៅអាស៊ីខាងត្បូង
In 2010, South Asia had the world's largest population
of Hindus, Jains and Sikhs, about 600
million Muslims, as well
as over 25 million Buddhists and 35 million Christians. Hindus
make up about 63 percent or about 1 billion and Muslims at 31 percent or 600
million of the overall South Asia population, while Buddhists, Jains,
Christians and Sikhs constitute most of the rest. The Hindus, Buddhists, Jains,
Sikhs and Christians are concentrated in India, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Bhutan,
while the Muslims are concentrated in Afghanistan (99%), Bangladesh (90%),
Pakistan (96%) and Maldives (100%).
Indian religions are the religions that originated
in the Indian subcontinent; namely Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism and Sikhism. The
Indian religions are distinct yet share terminology, concepts, goals and ideas,
and from the Indian subcontinent spread into East Asia and southeast Asia.
Early Christianity and Islam were introduced into coastal regions of South Asia
by merchants who settled among the local populations. Later Sindh, Balochistan, and parts of the Punjab
region saw conquest by the Arab
caliphates along with an influx of Muslims from Persia and Central
Asia, which resulted in spread of both Shia and Sunni Islam in parts of
northwestern region of South Asia. Subsequently, under the influence of Muslim
rulers of the Islamic sultanates and the Mughal Empire, Islam spread in South
Asia.
|
Islam
(99%), Hinduism, Sikhism and Christianity (1%)
|
|
|
Islam
(90%), Hinduism (9%), Buddhism (0.6%), Christianity (0.3%), Others (0.1%)
|
|
|
Buddhism
(75%), Hinduism (25%)
|
|
|
Hinduism
(79.5%), Islam (14.5%), Christianity (2.3%), Sikhism (1.7%), Buddhism (0.7%),
Jainism (0.4%), Others (0.9%)
|
|
|
Sunni
Islam (100%) (One must be a Sunni Muslim to be a citizen on the Maldives)
|
|
|
Islam
(96.28%), Hinduism (2%), Christianity (1.59%), Ahmaddiyya (0.22%)
|
|
|
Buddhism
(70.19%), Hinduism (12.61%), Islam (9.71%), Christianity (7.45%).
|
Further information: Religion in
Afghanistan, Religion in
Bangladesh, Religion in
Bhutan, Religion in India, Religion in Nepal, Religion in
Pakistan, and Religion in
Sri Lanka
VIII. សេដ្ឋកិច្ចអាស៊ីខាងត្បូង
សូមរកមើលព័ត៌មានលម្អិតបន្ថែមតាមរយៈពាក្យគន្លឹះទាំងនេះ: Economy of Afghanistan, Economy of Bangladesh, Economy
of India, Economy
of Nepal, Economy of Pakistan, and Economy of Sri Lanka, South Asian
Free Trade Area
India is the largest &
fastest growing economy in the region (US$2.180 trillion) and makes up almost
82% of the South Asian economy; it is the world's 7th largest in nominal
terms and 3rd largest by
purchasing power adjusted exchange rates (US$8.020 trillion). India is the only
member of powerful G-20 major economies and BRICS from the
region. It is the fastest growing major economy in the world and one of the
world's fastest registering a growth of 7.3% in FY 2014–15. Pakistan has the next
largest economy($250 billion) and the 5th highest GDP per capita in the region,
followed by Bangladesh and then by Sri Lanka which has
the 2nd highest per capita and is the 4th largest economy in the region.
According to a World Bank report in 2015, driven by a
strong expansion in India, coupled with favorable oil prices, from the last
quarter of 2014 South Asia become the fastest-growing region in the world
The Major Market stock
exchanges in the region are Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) with market
Capitalization of $1.68 trillion (11th largest in the world), National Stock Exchange of
India (NSE) with market capitalization of $1.64 trillion (12th largest in the world), and Karachi Stock Exchange with market capitalization
of $60 billion.
Economic data is sourced from
the International Monetary Fund, current
as of April 2017, and is given in US dollars.
|
Population
(2017) |
Nominal
GDP
(2017) |
(2017)
|
(2017)
|
(2017)
|
Main industries
|
||
|
34,169,169
|
$20.57 billion
|
$559
|
3%
|
6%
|
|||
|
164,827,718
|
$248.85 billion
|
$1,520
|
6.9%
|
6.4%
|
|||
|
Nu. Ngultrum
|
792,877
|
$2.31 billion
|
$2,870
|
5.9%
|
4.1%
|
||
|
₹ Rupee
|
1,342,512,706
|
$2.450 trillion
|
$1,850
|
7.2%
|
4.8%
|
||
|
375,867
|
$3.58 billion
|
$9,950
|
4.1%
|
2.5%
|
|||
|
29,187,037
|
$23.32 billion
|
$799
|
5.5%
|
6.7%
|
|||
|
₨ Rupee
|
207,774,520
|
$304.4 billion
|
$1,547
|
5%
|
4.3%
|
||
|
20,905,335
|
$84.02 billion
|
$3,930
|
4.5%
|
5.8%
|
IX. សុខភាពនិងរបបអាហារ
|
Afghanistan
|
Bangladesh
|
Bhutan
|
India
|
Maldives
|
Nepal
|
Pakistan
|
Sri Lanka
|
|
|
Population undernourished
(2015)
|
26.8%
|
16.4%
|
N/A
|
15.2%
|
5.2%
|
7.8%
|
22%
|
22%
|
|
Population below poverty
line (CIA Factbook)
|
35.8%
|
31.5%
|
12%
|
29.8%
|
16%
|
25.2%
|
22.3%
|
8.9%
|
According to WHO, South Asia
is home to two out of the three countries in the world still affected by polio,
Pakistan and Afghanistan, with 306 & 28 polio cases registered in 2014
respectively. Attempts to eradicate polio have been badly hit by opposition
from militants in both countries, who say the program is cover to spy on their
operations. Their attacks on immunization teams have claimed 78 lives since
December 2012.
According to the World Bank's
2011 report, based on 2005 ICP PPP, about 24.6% of the South Asian population
falls below the international poverty line of $1.25/day. Afghanistan and
Bangladesh rank the highest, with 30.6% and 43.3% of their respective
populations below the poverty line. Bhutan, Maldives and Sri Lanka have the
lowest number of people below the poverty line, with 2.4%, 1.5% and 4.1%
respectively. India has lifted the most people in the region above the poverty
line between 2008 and 2011, around 140 million. As of 2011, 21.9% of India's
population lives below the poverty line, compared to 41.6% in 2005.
The World Bank estimates
that India is one of
the highest ranking countries in the world for the number of children suffering
from malnutrition. The prevalence of
underweight children in India is among the highest in the world, and is nearly
double that of Sub Saharan Africa with dire consequences for
mobility, mortality, productivity and economic growth.
According to the World Bank,
70% of the South Asian population and about 75% of South Asia's poor live in
rural areas and most rely on agriculture for their livelihood according to the
UN's Food and Agricultural Organisation. In 2015, approximately 281 million
people in the region were malnourished. The report says that Nepal reached both
the WFS target as well as MDG and is moving towards bringing down the number of
undernourished people to less than 5% of the population. Bangladesh reached the
MDG target with the National Food Policy framework – with only 16.5% of
the population undernourished. In India, the malnourished comprise just over 15
percent of the population. While the number of malnourished people in
neighborhood has shown a decline over the last 25 years, the number of
under-nourished in Pakistan displays an upward trend.There were 28.7 million
hungry in Pakistan in the 1990s – a number that has steadily increased to
41.3 million in 2015 with 22% of the population malnourished. Approximately
194.6 million people are undernourished in India, which accounts for the
highest number of people suffering from hunger in any single country.
The 2006 report stated
"the low status of women in South Asian countries and their lack of
nutritional knowledge are important determinants of high prevalence of
underweight children in the region". Corruption and the lack of initiative
on the part of the government has been one of the major problems associated
with nutrition in India. Illiteracy in villages has been found to be one of the
major issues that need more government attention. The report mentioned that
although there has been a reduction in malnutrition due to the Green
Revolution in South Asia, there is concern that South Asia has
"inadequate feeding and caring practices for young children".
X. របបគ្រប់គ្រងដឹកនាំ
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ប្រទេសហើយនិងទឹកដីដែលយោងទៅតាមខ្លឹមសារបែបទូលាយ
|
or region
|
division type
|
Area
(km2)
|
Population
|
||||
|
54,400
|
2,500
|
.svg) |
|||||
|
676,578
|
51,486,253
|
 |
|||||
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Chairman
|
1,228,400
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3,180,000
|
 |
India and Pakistan are the
dominant political powers in the region. India is by far the largest country in
the area covering around three-fourths the land area of the subcontinent. India
has the largest population of around three times the combined population of the
6 other countries in the subcontinent. India is also the world's largest democracy India's
annual defence budget for 2013–14 is $39.2 Billion which is equal to the whole
Pakistan's Federal budget of $39.3 billion for 2014–15.
Bangladesh is a unitary
state and parliamentary democracy.
Bangladesh also stands out as one of the few Muslim-majority democracies. “It
is a moderate and generally secular and tolerant — though sometimes this is
getting stretched at the moment — alternative to violent
extremism in a very troubled part of the world”, said Dan Mozena, the U.S.
ambassador to Bangladesh. Although Bangladesh's legal
code is secular, more
citizens are embracing a conservative version of Islam, with some
pushing for sharia law, analysts say. Experts say
that the rise in conservatism reflects the influence of foreign-financed
Islamic charities and the more austere version of Islam brought home by migrant
workers in Persian Gulf countries.
Diplomacy among the countries of South Asia has been
mainly driven by populist politics, with the
centre-stage taken by India-Pakistan conflict
ever since their independence in 1947, and then the creation of Bangladesh
under tense circumstances in 1971. During the height of Cold war, the elite
political leaders of Pakistan aligned with the US, while
India played crucial role in forming
the Non-Aligned Movement and while maintaining
goodwill relations with the USSR.
Pakistan's governance is one of the most conflicted in
the region. The military rule and the unstable government in Pakistan has
become a concern for the South Asian region. In Nepal, the
governance has struggled to come in the side of democracy and it only showed
signs in the recent past, basically in the 21st century, to support the
democratic system. The political situation in Sri Lanka has been
dominated by an increasingly assertive Sinhalese
nationalism, and the emergence of a Tamil separatist movement under LTTE, which was
suppressed in May 2009. Myanmar's politics is dominated by a
military Junta, which has sidelined the
democratic forces led by Aung San
Suu Kyi.
|
Governance and education index rankings of South Asian
countries
|
|||||||||
|
Afghanistan
|
Bangladesh
|
Bhutan
|
India
|
Maldives
|
Nepal
|
Pakistan
|
Sri Lanka
|
||
|
Inequality-adjusted HDI
(2016) (global ranking of 187)
|
166
|
141
|
135
|
127
|
114
|
142
|
149
|
65
|
|
|
Corruption Perception Index
(2016) (global ranking of 168)
|
169
|
145
|
27
|
79
|
95
|
131
|
116
|
95
|
|
|
The Worldwide
Governance Indicators (2015)
|
Government Effectiveness
|
8%
|
24%
|
68%
|
56%
|
41%
|
13%
|
27%
|
53%
|
|
Political stability and
absence
of violence/terrorism
|
1%
|
11%
|
89%
|
17%
|
61%
|
16%
|
1%
|
47%
|
|
|
Rule of law
|
2%
|
27%
|
70%
|
56%
|
35%
|
27%
|
24%
|
60%
|
|
|
Voice and accountability
|
16%
|
31%
|
46%
|
61%
|
30%
|
33%
|
27%
|
36%
|
|
|
35.8%
|
31.5%
|
23.7%
|
21.9%
|
16%
|
25.2%
|
21.4%
|
8.9%
|
||
|
Primary School Enrollment
|
29%
|
90%
|
85%
|
92%
|
94%
|
96%
|
73%
|
98%
|
|
|
Secondary School Enrollment
|
49%
|
54%
|
78%
|
71%
|
N/A
|
67%
|
38%
|
99%
|
|
កាលប្បវត្តិនៃអាស៊ីទក្សិណ
|
បុរេប្រវត្តិ
|
||
|
2300-1750 មុនគស
|
អរិយធម៌នៅតាមដងទន្លេឥណ្ឌុស
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ca. 1750-1000 BCE
|
ការមកដល់នៃពួកអារ្យ័ន
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ca. 900 BCE
|
សម័យព្រាហ្មណ៍និយម
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
500 BCE
|
ពុទ្ធនិយម; សាសានាជេន (Jainism)
|
|
|
326 BCE
|
ការឈ្លានពានរបស់ Alexander the Great
|
|
|
324-200 BCE
|
ចក្រភព ម៉ូរីយ៉ា (Mauryan)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ឥណ្ឌាខាងជើង / ឥណ្ឌាខាងត្បូង
|
||
|
250 BCE
|
ការអភិវឌ្ឍ/សំណាយភាយនៃវប្បធម៌សំស្ក្រឹត
Sanskritic culture
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
200 BCE
|
ការឈ្លានពានភាគខាងជើងឥណ្ឌា
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ប្រពៃណីឥណ្ឌា
|
||
|
|
|
|
|
320-500 CE
|
រាជវង្សគុប្តៈ Gupta Empire
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ca. 455-528 CE
|
ការឈ្លានពានរបស់ពួក Huns
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ca. 650-1335
|
រាជវង្ស Rajput(ភាគខាងជើងនៃឥណ្ឌា)
រាជវង្សតាមតំបន់ (នៅភាគខាងត្បូងនៃឥណ្ឌា) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
711
|
ពួកអារ៉ាប់វាយយកតំបន់ Sind
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
997-1027
|
ការវាយប្រហាររបស់ Mahmud មកលើ Ghazni
|
|
|
មូស្លីមនៅឥណ្ឌា
|
||
|
|
|
|
|
1192-1526
|
ស្តេចស៊ុលតង់នៅ ដេលី (Delhi Sultanate)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1336-1646
|
ចក្រភពវិជ័យាណាហ្កា (Vijayanagar Empire )
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1498
|
ពួកឈ្មួញពទុយកាលចូលមកដល់ឥណ្ឌា
|
|
|
1526-1858
|
ចក្រភព មុហ្កាល់ (Mughal Empire)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1700
|
ឈ្មួញអឺរ៉ុបបានចូលមកឥណ្ឌា
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1757
|
សមរភូមិ Plassey
|
|
|
|
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|
|
អង់គ្លេសត្រួតត្រាលើឥណ្ឌា
|
||
|
1800
|
|
|
|
អាស៊ីខាងត្បូងសម័យទំនើប
|
||
|
1947
|
ការបែងចែកទឹកដីឥណ្ឌា: India and Pakistan
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1971
|
ក្លាយទៅជាប្រទេស Bangladesh
|
|
|
|
|
|